Tag: Electricity

  • Low electricity: We can only transmit what is generated – TCN

    Low electricity: We can only transmit what is generated – TCN

    The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), has attributed the gradual decrease in available generation into the grid to gas constraints to the thermal generating companies,

    It also said that the decrease has impacted the quantum of bulk power available on the transmission grid, for onward transmission to the distribution load centres nationwide.

    Mrs Ndidi Mbah, TCN’S General Manager Public Affairs said this in a statement in Abuja on Thursday.

    According to her, the company is doing everything possible in collaborating with stakeholders in the power sector.

    She said that this is to ensure that it continues to keep the grid intact in spite of the current low power generated into the system.

    ”Consequent upon the current load on the grid, load distributed to the distribution load centres have also reduced, as TCN can only transmit what is generated.

    ”TCN is committed to ensuring a gradual increase in electricity supply to load centres as gas improves to power available thermal plants.

    ”Please bear with us as we continue to work with the stakeholders in the value chain to ensure that supply through distribution companies to electricity consumers nationwide improves,” she said.

  • Kaduna Electric opens up on electricity tariffs hike

    Kaduna Electric opens up on electricity tariffs hike

    Management of Kaduna Electric has disclosed that electricity tariffs are expected to rise when the federal government ends the subsidy regime.

    TheNewsGuru.com (TNG) reports this was contained in a statement by the company’s head of corporate communication, Abdulazeez Abdullahi, on Friday in Kaduna.

    Kaduna Electric distributes power to customers in Kaduna, Sokoto, Zamfara and Kebbi States.

    Abdullahi, however, disclosed that Kaduna Electric has decided to maintain its tariff in spite of the new tariff order.

    He stated that the current rates being paid by customers would remain.

    “Customers should note that the new tariff order contains two components; the appropriate Cost Reflective Tariff that Distribution Companies (Discos) should have  charged customers in the light of prevailing economic conditions.

    “And the Allowed Tariff, which is the amount Discos are allowed to charge their customers based on the government’s policy to continue with the tariff subsidy regime.

    “Tariffs are expected to rise when the federal government ends the subsidy regime,” Abdullahi said.

    He explained that the company would continue to charge both postpaid and prepaid customers under their franchise States the Allowed Tariff which is the subsidised current tariff rate.

    Abdullahi called on customers to settle their bills promptly to avoid disconnection and allow the company to settle its market invoices and improve service.

  • FG set to provide electricity to unserved, underserved communities

    FG set to provide electricity to unserved, underserved communities

    Minister of Power, Adebayo Adelabu, has vowed that the  Federal Government will provide electricity to unserved and underserved communities in Nigeria.

    The Minister said this on Monday during the project inspection and impact assessment of 90KW solar hybrid mini grid at Adafila, Ogbomoso, as part of his working tour on power facilities in Nigeria.

    Adelabu said that the project has capacity to power over 1,300 households, including clinic, schools and mini businesses in the community.

    “The solar mini grid system uses solar panels embedded in the community, distributing power to the entire community without passing through the national grid.

    “The project gives the community 24 hours of uninterrupted power supply. It is backed up by 240KW battery storage during the night when there’s no sun.

    “This community has been enjoying uninterrupted power supply in the past two years, what we are here to do is to witness, inspect and assess the impact of the project on the community.

    “We have about 27 mini grid solar system spread across the state and other locations in Nigeria,” he said.

    The Minister noted that the solar hybrid mini grid project had taken people out of energy poverty that they have been suffering from for long.

    “With this project, people are able to improve their businesses because availability of electricity empowers people to conveniently utilise the skills they have learnt and smoothly run their businesses.

    “We are going to do more of this project nationwide so as to bring renewed hope agenda of President Bola Tinubu and dividends of democracy to the people at the grassroots.

    The Minister had earlier inspected the 132KV substations in Oyo and Ogbomoso.

    The Soun of Ogbomoso, Oba Afolabi Olaoye, receiving minister in his palace, urged the ministry to expedite work on installation of transmission lines on newly-installed 132KV substation in Ogbomoso to improve power supply to the ancient city.

    The traditional ruler reiterated the commitment of Ogbomoso indigenes in ensuring adequate protection of power infrastructures and other government facilities in the town.

  • Why we want to end estimated ‘NEPA’ bill – Power Minister

    Why we want to end estimated ‘NEPA’ bill – Power Minister

    Minister of Power, Adebayo Adelabu, on Monday restated the Federal Government’s commitment to end the estimated billing system in the nation’s power sector.

    The Minister said this at a meeting with the management of Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC) as part of his working tour on power facilities in Nigeria.

    Adelabu said that the purpose of the meeting was to seek more collaboration with relevant stakeholders to see how the power sector could be moved forward.

    According to him, it also aims at addressing complaints from electricity consumers.

    “IBEDC remains largest in terms of coverage among the distribution companies which brings a lot of responsibilities and consumers’ expectations on the company.’’

    The Minister said that the metering gap remained wide in Nigeria, noting that about 50 per cent of the customers within the coverage area were yet to be metered.

    “Citizens are tired of estimated billing because estimated billing always lead to cheating between consumers, staffs and company.

    “Before the end of this year, we are looking at the possibility of ending estimated billing because we want transparency and objectivity in our billing system,’’ he said.

    He added that President Bola Tinubu has just established a presidential metering initiative to harmonise all metering acquisition in the country.

    “We have up to eight million meters gap in Nigeria and what the initiative seeks to achieve is to close this gap with three to five years.

    “This means that an average of two millions meters is required on yearly basis and achieving the target is compulsory for citizens to enjoy stable power supply,’’ minister said.

    According to him, the situation whereby communities will contribute money to acquire transformers, cables and other electrical equipment must stop.

    The min6ister said that Nigerians should expect electricity tariff review in a way that would not add to the burden of the citizens, adding that adequate sensitisation and public enlightenment must be carried out before such review.

    He said that the review would be progressive with minimal or no impact on low income earners and people in areas with short supply duration.

    “Another condition is that we must improve electricity supply so as to encourage people to pay before we can talk about tariff adjustments.

    “We must also ensure that the tariff review is better when compared with alternative energy sources, “he said.

    Also speaking, the Managing Director, IBEDC, Kingsley Achife, who said the present electricity tariff is not cost reflective, said that the situation needs prompt attention to improve quality of service to the people.

    Achife said that IBEDC had open a transformer repair workshop in Ibadan to ensure that transformers were being repaired and restore back to operations within short period of time

    He said that the company would soon take delivery of 300 transformers to increase its service capabilities in its area of coverage.

    He urged the ministry to harnessing huge investment opportunities along Ibadan-Lagos expressway axis due to presence of many organisations along the axis.

    “Travelling along Ibadan to Lagos, the whole area is filled with investment opportunities. Unfortunately, we are not able to serve that place for several reasons, including wires, infrastructures, and other required assets,” he said.

  • Real reasons Nigeria not able to get stable electricity supply – TCN

    Real reasons Nigeria not able to get stable electricity supply – TCN

    The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) has disclosed that daily attacks on its facilities were impacting negatively on efforts to supply uninterrupted electricity in the country.

    The transmission company revealed people vandalise facilities worth billions of Naira only to melt the metals to construct gates, pots and cups.

    Dr Thomas Inugonum, TCN’s General Manager for Port Harcourt Region, who made the disclosure, said that the company currently generates about 13,000mw of electricity, but only has the capacity to transmit 8,100mw.

    Speaking at a news conference on Sunday in Port Harcourt, Inugonum bemoaned the incessant attacks on TCN’s facilities and called awareness creation on the consequences of destroying those facilities.

    “We are supposed to be able to transmit about 15,000mw, but we are unable to meet this capacity due to weak and ageing infrastructure. Some of the infrastructure were constructed more than  50 years ago,”

    “In some of our stations, vandals have cut earth-conductors of big transformers that cost about N800 million resulting in the ‘floating’ of the facility.

    “There are projects that have been on-going for almost 20 years in Okigwe and Mbano in Imo, and in other places that could not be completed partly because of vandalism.

    “We do not understand why people vandalise our facilities considering the importance of power supply to economic activities. If transmission power lines are vandalised, and in the process, it falls on top of about 100 houses, no occupant of those houses would survive,” he said.

    Inugonum stressed that daily attacks on TCN facilities in Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Imo and Rivers were impacting negatively on efforts to supply uninterrupted electricity.

    “In just two months, we have lost several of our transmission lines in Odukpani (Cross River) and in Elelenwo in Rivers.

    “A 60mva cost about N1.2 billion, while a span of 132kv of our transmission line cost about 330,000 dollars, making our losses unquantifiable and humongous when vandalised.

    “It is unfortunate that people vandalise facilities worth billions of naira only to melt the metals to construct gates, pots, and cups. It is just wickedness,’’ Inugonum lamented.

    He said 23 power projects were at various stages of completion in the six states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Imo and Rivers.

    The projects are partly funded by the TCN, the Niger Delta Power Holding Company, and the World Bank and are executed under the National Integrated Power Project of the Federal Government.

    Inugonum said apart from the 23 projects on-going in the six states, there were 15 other completed projects, while three were at proposition stage in the states.

    “The on-going projects are the `re-conductoring’ of the 18km Main-Port Harcourt 132kv DC line and installation of 100mva 132/33KV transformers with 80mw capacity in Port Harcourt.

    “In Afam, also in Rivers, we have six on-going projects which include the Afam-Onne 330kv DC lines.

    “We also have the Afam-Ikot Ekpene 330 DC lines in Akwa Ibom, while in Aba, we are `re-conductoring’ 10km Alaoji-Aba 132kv DC line.

    “In Ugep, Cross River, construction of 2x60mva 132kv substation with capacity to generate 96mw is on-going and the construction of 2x60mva 132/33kv station is in ground-breaking phase,’’ he said.

    Inugonum added that the installation of 100mva 132/33kv transformer with 80mw capacity in Itu, Akwa Ibom, sponsored by the World Bank had attained 5 per cent completion.

    “The Erosion control at T20 in Eket-Ikot Abasi 132kv DC line is 20 per cent completed.

    “In Owerri, the Niger Delta Power Holding Company is upgrading its 132kv to 330kv sub-station with 2x150mva 330/132kv transformers and 2x60mva 132kv transformer and 33kv switchyard, among other projects.

    In his remarks, TCN’s Assistant General Manager, Port Harcourt Sub-Region, Mr Benneth Ezemobi, said plans were in top gear to supply additional 100mw of electricity to Rivers.

    “Currently, we have slightly less than 400mw, but by 2025, we would have been able to meet our 500mw target for Rivers,’’ he said.

  • We’re ready to supply electricity to Niger Republic if… – TCN

    We’re ready to supply electricity to Niger Republic if… – TCN

    The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) says it is ready to supply Niger Republic back with electricity whenever Nigeria lifts the ban on the country.

    The General Manager Transmission, Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), Kaduna Region, Mr Ganiyu Aliyu, stated while briefing journalists in Kaduna on the achievements of the region in 2023.

    He explained that the company can supply the neighbouring country without affecting its power supply in the region due to the capacity increase it witnessed.

    Aliyu said, “We have increased our capacity very well, in fact I can say authoritatively, that we are comfortable here in Kaduna.

    “There’s something we called redundancy in power system, It’s like you having two phones, one is your hotline, the another one is on standby.

    “In case we have any trouble, we have made this place capable that we can transfer our load from one transformer to another transformer.”

    He affirmed that its service delivery had significantly improved in 2023 as a result of the increase in new transmission projects to boost electricity supply in the country.

    He stated that TCN had executed several capital reinforcement projects across the transmission network throughout the country.

    The projects were installation of 100MVA 132/33kV transformer in Birnin Kebbi substation, installation of a new distance protection relay for 330kV Jos line, and the replacement of the Bucholz relay valve seal on 90MVA 330/132/33kV transformer T2A.

    Others comprised construction of 1x150MVA 330/132/33kV substation at Kalgo with 8x330kV line bays and 1x100MVA 132/33kV with 3nos. 33kV outgoing feeders, construction of double circuit line from Kaduna to Jos and emergency erosion control works on Tower 122 Kaduna- Zaria 132kV transmission line among others.

    Aliyu added that the projects were all in line with the Federal Government’s agenda on revamping the power sector.

    He lamented that in spite of some external challenges like vandalism  and people building under transmission installations, TCN had recorded remarkable achievements for the year 2023 and was still embarking on new ones.

  • Total darkness in south east for five days

    Total darkness in south east for five days

    The Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) says there will be a five-day planned power outage in some parts of Anambra, beginning from December 2 to December 6.

    The Head, Corporate Communications of the company, Mr Emeka Ezeh, disclosed this in a statement issued in Enugu and made available to the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) on Saturday.

    Eze stated that “the outage is to enable the Transmission Company of Nigeria engineers to carry out maintenance on their facility.”

    According to him, as a result of this planned maintenance, the 60MVA power transformer at the GCM Station will be shut down for the five days that the maintenance will last.

    He said: “This will mainly affect our customers under Ogbaru District and some under Onitsha District.

    The following feeders will be without supply: Harbour 33KV, Golden Oil 33KV, Dozzy 11KV, BridgeHead 11KV, E-Amobi 33KV and Atani Water Works 11KV.”

    Others, he said, would include Premier 11KV, Housing EBH 11KV, Iyiowa 11KV, Wharf 11KV, Fegge 11KV, Uga 11KV, Market 11KV, Bida 11KV, Iweka 11KV and Market 11KV feeders.

    Consequently, all customers fed by these feeders, which include the whole of Atani, Bida, Main Market, Iweka, Fegge and its adjoining estates as well as all our heavy-industrial clusters within Ogbaru, will be out of supply for the period of the outage,” Eze added.

    The EEDC official expressed regrets over the inconveniences the power outage would cause its Anambra customers.

    He, however, assured them that the company would be on standby for supply restoration once the maintenance was completed.

    “We are committed to providing you with quality service delivery,” he stated. (NAN)

  • Electricity: What we generate in Nigeria is shameful – Minister of Power

    Electricity: What we generate in Nigeria is shameful – Minister of Power

    The Minister of Power, Adebayo Adelabu has described as shameful the fact that Nigeria’s electricity transmission and distribution capacity has remained stagnated at about 4000MW for several years.

    Adelabu, who spoke during a parley with power correspondents in Abuja on Wednesday, stressed that the situation was not acceptable.

    Adelabu stressed that no nation can grow its economy, industries or any sector without a reliable power sector, noting that countries that had grown significantly were those who identified electricity as the engine or driver of growth.

    “For example, South Korea, with a 49 million population, generates and distributes 130,000 megawatts of power. So companies like Daewoo, Hyundai, LG and others are now giants of industry, having grown from one-shop companies that they were in the 1960s.

    “Secondly, China with a 1.4 billion population generates and distributes 1.3 million megawatts of electricity.

    “So when we say we are over 200 million people and what we generate and distribute on our national grid is just 4,000 megawatts, it is shameful; it is not acceptable. We must achieve better results,” the minister ordered.

    FG to focus on alternate source of generation to improve  power – Adelabu

    The Minister of Power, meanwhile disclosed that the Federal Government plans to focus on an alternate  source of generation to improve to power supply.

    Speaking in Abuja on Wednesday while interacting with power correspondents, Adelabu said that the plan was to de-emphasise  the national grid  and focus on distributed power.

    According to him, power can be generated and get  down to the consumers without passing through the national grid, adding  that the best way to do this is to look at alternate source of generation,

    “We want to use small hydros, we have small dams that can generate between 500kilowatts down to five megawatts.

    “So, we want to focus on that  to generate power to identified locations embedded in the distribution network without passing through the transmission network because the capacity and stability of our transmission is still constrained, ‘’ he said.

    The minister said that government was also looking at solar energy as there were a lot of investors that have given the country offers to invest in it.

    Adelabu said that a lot of them were asking the government to give them Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and evacuate it to the grid.

    “No, it won’t happen now.  Whoever wants to invest in solar power must identify who the off takers are; our focus should be on off grid power generation.

    “We have proposals for offshore wind power in Nigeria, we have potential for this because we are a coastal country. We can have wind fans that we give us very clean power.

    “That is what we want to do, why we concentrate on continuously improving the grid and expanding its capacity. We don’t want to wait we want to generate power and distribute to our people,” he said.

    Adelabu said he has also ordered an investigation into the extension of the licences of Electricity Distribution Companies, otherwise known as DisCos by five years.

    ”When I came in, the licences I saw were for 10 years, 2013 to 2023. But along the line, I spoke to the NERC Chairman they said they have extended the licences for another five years,”he said.

    According to Adelabu, the problem in the power sector was multi –dimensional and cut across the value-chain from generation to transmission to distribution.

    He said that only one person cannot solve the problem of the sector, adding that all the stakeholders must be carried along to achieve the desired result.

    “We are going to make an impact by turning the industry around and deliver improved power to the doorstep of households, businesses and industries, ” Adelabu said.

    The minister said that desired results were not achieved in the sector because it  has always been top to down approach, saying, ” that is from  generation to transmission to distribution.”

    Adelabu said that efforts had always been on establishing more power plants and getting power generated without so much emphasis on delivering channels.

    “If our focus is on distribution, infrastructure improvement and a little of transmission and with the volume of power we generate,  we are going to double the delivery to the doorstep of consumers.

    “ So, what we want to adopt is a bottom up approach which is delivery focus, the little we generate, we are we able to get it to consumers. so we are starting from the customer end,”he said.

    He also announced that Nigeria’s second-largest hydroelectric power station, the 700 megawatts capacity Zungeru Power Plant, was ready to begin operations before the end of November.

    The power minister also disclosed that plans had been concluded to organise a Power Sector Retreat between December 12 and 14, 2023, which shall produce a workable roadmap for the sector.

  • Tinubu gives condition for hike in electricity tariff

    Tinubu gives condition for hike in electricity tariff

    President Bola Tinubu has said until Nigeria is able to achieve regular and incremental power supply, electricity tariff cannot be hiked in the country.

    TheNewsGuru.com (TNG) reports the Minister of Power, Adebayo Adelabu quoted President Tinubu to have said this.

    During a parley with power correspondents in Abuja on Wednesday, Adelabu said Tinubu stopped the implementation of a hike in electricity tariff months back and insisted that subsidy be paid on power consumed nationwide.

    The Minister of Power was speaking on the call for a cost reflective tariff when he made the disclosure.

    Adelabu stressed a cost reflective tariff would lead to a hike in the amount payable for power.

    He, however, noted that the non-implementation of this was actually causing liquidity crisis in the sector, but stressed that the President had refused to allow a raise in electricity rate.

    “The power sector is an industry that is very sensitive to any leader. You cannot jump overnight and implement the cost reflective tariff.

    “I can tell you that till today the government still subsidises power. Tariff should have been raised months back, but Mr President said until we are able to achieve regular and incremental power supply we can’t touch the tariff.

    “Now, I never said that it is not yet time to charge cost reflective tariff. Rather, I said cost reflective tariff is supposed to have been implemented months ago because it is the source of liquidity to the system.

    “But for political reasons and empathy, you cannot cause additional burden on Nigerians. We just had the removal of fuel subsidy, we are talking about exchange rate skyrocketing, galloping inflation and so many others that bring hardship to the people.

    “And Mr President is trying to relieve this hardship through various forms of palliatives. So it is not politically expedient and reasonable to now implement a tariff that is more like dumping the existing tariff.

    “We are now paying about N70 (per kilowatt-hour), and it can never be less than N130 or N140 at the exchange rate of today if we are to implement a cost reflective tariff. Because part of the reasons for an increased tariff is the price of gas, which is paid in dollars,”

    “So the there is a gap between the cost reflective tariff that we are supposed to charge and the allowed tariff. That huge gap the government is still handling it as subsidy. This affects liquidity in the system, investments and causes so many constraints,” Adelabu said.

  • Epileptic power supply: Why Nigerians rely on generators – Tinubu

    Epileptic power supply: Why Nigerians rely on generators – Tinubu

    President Bola Tinubu has disclosed the national grid only serves about 15 per cent Nigeria’s electricity demand, saying this has left households and factories to rely on expensive self-generation.

    TheNewsGuru.com (TNG) reports President Tinubu said this at the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) Market Participants and Stakeholders Round Table (NMPSR) on Monday in Abuja.

    Tinubu said this while disclosing that the Federal Government will inaugurate a presidential task force to monitor and ensure progress of the deployment of key projects in the power sector.

    The round table was held with the theme; “NESI Privatisation and its 10-Year Milestone: The Journey So Far, Opportunities and Prospects”.

    The president, who was represented by Mr Sodiq Wanka, his Special Adviser on Energy and Power Infrastructure, Office of the Vice President, said there was the need for a taskforce to reposition the sector.

    “This includes projects that will help un-constrain the grid, and deliver the full available generation capacity to our homes and factories.

    “We have to create an environment where the worst performers do not continue to drag the sector down.

    “All licensees must not only have the technical capacity to deliver on their license, but must also have the financial muscle to invest and grow their operations as preliminary analysis shows that DISCOS today are under-capitalised to the tune of N2 trillion.

    “We must facilitate a re-organsation and a re-capitalisation process that brings in new partners and new capital to jumpstart performance in this critical sector of the value chain,” Tinubu said.

    The president added that the Federal Government would accelerate the pace of deployment of renewables and solar energy in the right places.

    He noted that there was a real opportunity to accelerate the deployment of inter-connected and isolated mini-grids to deliver power close to the point of use.

    He said: “This  will support the rollout of initiatives aimed at diesel displacement to reduce the carbon intensity of embedded power plants, while supporting innovative financing schemes for solar solutions in the home.”

    The president said that the  key objectives of the privatisation effort was to improve the efficiency of the power sector, unlock private sector investments, and unleash Nigeria’s potentials through an energised economy.

    “10 years on, I believe it is fair to say that the objectives of the sector’s privatisation have by and large, not been met. Over 90 million Nigerians lack access to electricity.

    “The national grid only serves about 15 per cent  of the country’s demand. This has left households and factories to rely on expensive self-generation, which supplies a staggering 40 per cent  of the country’s demand.

    “What is worse, is that the total amount of electricity that can be wheeled through the national grid has remained relatively flat in the last 10 years. The grid capacity has increased from just over 3,000 Mega Watts MW to just over 4,000MW today.

    “There is a lot of work to be done in building an electricity sector that we can all be proud of. And as we embark on this arduous task, we must go in with a number of principles to guide our decision-making,” he said.

    The president said that the Federal Government fully realised that this plan could not be achieved without a new trajectory for the power sector.

    He therefore, reiterated government’s commitment to providing the enabling environment that would unleash private sector capital in the power sector.

    “And the private sector will find in the government a true partner, willing to listen and to unblock the challenges they face as we collectively electrify Nigeria,” Tinubu pledged.

    On his part, the Minister of Power, Mr Adebayo Adelabu, said that it was pertinent for all  stakeholders in NESI to come together in a roundtable to discuss the reasons behind the failure of the sector’s privitasation.

    Adelabu said that the roundtable would enable stakeholders to brainstorm on what to be done to achieve the objective of the privitasation of the power sector.

    “Most countries throughout the world do not privatise their electricity supply value chain from generation to distribution.

    “Bad enough that we have done this, how can we work around the current status to achieve our priorities and objectives.

    “It is not a job for just one person or stakeholder. Everybody has a role to play,  so we must all come together strong to achieve success in the power industry.

    “Everybody must stand up to the challenge so that we can correct  the issues in the sector and give stable and reliable electricity to Nigerians,” the minister said.

    Adelabu said that 10 years down the line of privitasation, there was need to look at the technical capacities and investments made by the Distribution Companies (DisCos) and the Generation Companies (GenCos).

    “These are the very serious conversation we need to have with the private sector operators,” he said.

    Earlier, Prof Stephen Ogaji, Chairman NMPSR   Planning Committee said ”without  doubt, the energy sector was the heartbeat of any thriving economy, and the NESI roundtable demonstrated stakeholders collective commitment to advancing this critical sector.

    “We gather here today as representatives from various sectors – public and private, regulatory bodies, investors, technocrats, and visionaries – all driven by a shared purpose – to enhance and shape the trajectory of Nigeria’s energy future.

    “As we embark on the deliberations over the coming days, let us remember that the challenges we face are formidable, but so also is our collective capacity to address them.

    “Our discussions, collaborations, and insights will pave the way for innovative solutions that can usher in an era of reliable, efficient, and sustainable electricity supply,” Ogaji said.

    He urged participants to engage in constructive dialogues, challenge conventional thinking, and identify strategies that would not only transform the power industry, but also the lives of citizens.